Page 367 - SAHCS HIVMed Journal Vol 20 No 1 2019

Page 6 of 12 Original Research

TABLE 1: Maternal characteristics by HIV infection status.
Variable Total HIV uninfected HIV infected HIV status unknown HIV status
N % IQR† N % IQR† N % IQR† N % IQR† association
p‡
Number of mothers 10 417 - - 6280 60.3 - 4013 38.5 - 124 1.2 - -
Maternal age < 0.001
< 18 years 704 6.8 - 620 9.9 - 73 1.8 - 11 8.9 - -
18–35 years 8596 82.5 - 5197 82.8 - 3299 82.2 - 100 80.6 - -
> 35 years 1106 10.6 - 463 7.4 - 640 15.9 - 3 2.4 - -
Unknown 11 0.1 - 0 0 - 1 0.0 - 10 8.1 - -
Median 25 - 21–30 23 - 20–27 28 - 23–32 22 - 19–26 < 0.001
Education 0.214
None/primary 808 7.76 - 471 7.5 - 328 8.2 - 9 7.3 - -
Secondary/Tertiary 9538 91.6 - 5773 91.9 - 3665 91.3 - 97 78.2 - -
Unknown 71 0.7 - 33 0.5 - 20 0.5 - 18 14.5 - -
Currently employed 1393 13.4 - 696 11.1 - 689 17.2 - 8 6.5 < 0.001
Gravidity < 0.001
1 4060 39.0 - 3127 49.8 - 889 22.2 - 44 35.5 - -
2 3509 33.7 - 1857 29.6 - 1610 40.1 - 42 33.9 - -
> 3 2807 27.0 - 1283 20.4 - 1500 37.4 - 24 19.4 - -
Unknown 41 0.4 - 13 0.2 - 14 0.4 - 14 11.3 - -
Median 2 - 1–3 2 - 1–2 2 - 2–3 2 - 1–2 < 0.001
Parity < 0.001
0 4309 41.4 - 3265 52.0 - 998 24.9 - 46 37.1 - -
1–2 5285 50.7 - 2602 41.4 - 2613 65.1 - 60 48.4 - -
> 2 809 7.8 - 409 6.5 - 396 9.9 - 4 3.2 - -
Unknown 24 0.2 - 4 0.1 - 6 0.1 - 14 11.3 - -
Alcohol use during pregnancy < 0.001
Non-user 9352 89.8 - 5724 91.1 - 3542 88.3 - 86 69.4 - -
Past user 786 7.6 - 407 6.5 - 370 9.2 - 9 7.3 - -
User 23 0.2 - 9 0.1 - 13 0.3 - 1 0.8 - -
Unknown 256 2.5 - 140 2.2 - 88 2.2 - 28 22.6 - -
Tobacco use during pregnancy 0.003
Non-user 9766 93.75 - 593 94.4 - 3744 93.3 - 91 73.4 - -
Past user 370 3.55 - 192 3.1 - 174 4.3 - 4 3.2 - -
User 9 0.09 - 5 0.1 - 4 0.1 - 0 0.0 - -
Unknown 272 2.61 - 152 2.4 - 91 2.3 - 23 4.0 - -
Illicit substance use during pregnancy 0.003
Non-user 9770 93.8 - 5930 94.4 - 3748 93.4 - 92 74.2 - -
Past user 364 3.5 - 192 3.1 - 168 4.2 - 4 3.2 - -
User 4 0.04 - 1 0.0 - 3 0.1 - 0 0.0 - -
Unknown 279 2.7 - 157 2.5 - 94 2.3 - 28 22.6 - -
Gestational age at first ANC < 0.001
< 12 weeks 500 4.8 - 275 4.4 - 224 5.6 - 1 0.8 - -
12 to 20 weeks 4057 39.0 - 2415 38.5 - 1632 40.7 - 10 8.1 - -
21 to 28 weeks 3399 32.6 - 2145 34.2 - 1240 30.9 - 14 11.3 - -
> 28 weeks 1092 10.9 - 681 10.8 - 405 10.1 - 6 4.8 - -
Unknown 1369 13.1 - 764 12.2 - 512 12.8 - 93 75 - -
Median age 20 - 16-26 21 - 16-26 20 - 16-25 24 - 18-28 < 0.001
Number of ANC visits during current pregnancy < 0.001
0–3 ANC visits 2658 25.52 - 1715 27.3 - 932 23.2 - 17 13.7 - -
> 4 ANC visits 7341 70.47 - 4381 69.8 - 2944 73.4 - 16 12.9 - -
Unknown 418 4.01 - 190 3.0 - 137 3.4 - 91 73.4 - -
Median 5 - 3-6 5 - 3-6 5 - 4-7 3 - 2-6 < 0.001
Reported previous adverse 344 5.4 - 151 2.4 - 192 4.8 - 1 0.8 - 0.05
pregnancy outcomes
(N = 6316)§
Medical conditions
Pre-existing diabetes 34 0.3 - 26 0.4 - 8 0.2 - 0 0.0 - 0.077
Epilepsy 53 0.5 - 28 0.4 - 24 0.6 - 1 0.8 - 0.217
Tuberculosis (TB) 202 1.9 - 53 0.8 - 148 3.7 - 1 0.8 - < 0.001
Syphilis 177 1.7 - 81 1.3 - 96 2.4 - 0 0.0 - < 0.001
†, IQR – Interquartile Range; ANC – Antenatal Care.
‡, The hypothesis in each case is that there is no association between known HIV-status and the characteristic described. At a 5% level of significance, a p-value of less than 0.05 can be interpreted
as a significant association between HIV status and the given characteristic.
§, Analysis excludes primagravidae.

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