Page 219 - SAHCS HIVMed Journal Vol 20 No 1 2019

Page 7 of 7 Original Research

In resource-limited developing countries, access to tertiary care 3. Keane JR. Cavernous sinus syndrome. Analysis of 151 cases. Arch Neurol.
1996;53(10):967–971. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1996.00550100033012
is a challenge. Neurosurgical services are usually inaccessible, 4. Fernández S, Godino O, Martínez-Yélamos S, et al. Cavernous sinus syndrome: A
but a rational approach to diagnosis and treatment is achievable. series of 126 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;86(5):278–281. https://doi.
We suggest a management strategy for HIV-infected patients org/10.1097/MD.0b013e318156c67f
presenting with cavernous sinus disease that can address the 5. Kapadia S PA. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis presenting as cavernous sinus
syndrome: Case report with review of existing literature. ID Cases.
common causes at regional level before referral to a tertiary 2014;2014(1):97–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2014.10.010
6. UNAIDS 2017: Global AIDS monitoring 2017. Indicators for monitoring the 2016
centre (Figure 4). United Nations Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS. 2017. Available from:
https://hivhealthclearinghouse.unesco.org/library/documents/global-aids-
monitoring-2017-indicators-monitoring-2016-united-nations-political
There is a growing need for comprehensive databanks in 7. Prinsloo CD, Greeff M, Kruger A, Khumalo IP. HIV stigma experiences and
South Africa for epidemiological research and the benefits stigmatisation before and after a HIV stigma-reduction community ‘hub’
intervention. African J AIDS Res. 2017;16(3):203–213. https://doi.org/10.2989/16
thereof. In addition, HIV infection as a serious but manageable 085906.2017.1349683
disorder needs to be revisited and a re-emergence of a rigorous 8. Loeliger KB, Niccolai LM, Mtungwa LN, Moll A, Shenoi SV. Antiretroviral therapy
initiation and adherence in rural South Africa: Community health workers’
HIV education programme is essential for both the general perspectives on barriers and facilitators. AIDS Care [Internet]. 2016;28(8):982–
public and health care workers alike. Cavernous sinus 993. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2
016.1164292
disorders, as with many other neurological complications, are 9. Colin B. Noel, Khulile Moeketsi, Bryan Kies. Cavernous sinus syndrome, an atypical
preventable. Negligence in the preservation of a patient’s presentation of tertiary syphilis: Case report and review of the literature. Clin
Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113:65–67
immunity can be catastrophic, especially in a disorder that is 10. Nadgir DB, Ramdas R, Kulkarni RV, Oak PJ, Shah AB. Cavernous sinus syndrome
not easy to diagnose or manage. due to syphilitic pachymeningitis. Neurol India. 2003;51:289–290.
11. Blignaut G, Loggenberg E, De Vries C. The radiological appearance of intracranial
aneurysms in adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Acknowledgements South African J Radiol [28 January 2018]. 2014;18(1):4. Available from: http://
www.sajr.org.za/index.php/sajr/article/view/586/724
Competing interests 12. Gross FJ, Waxman JS, Rosenblatt MA, Tabibzadeh SS, Solodnik P. Eosinophilic
granuloma of the cavernous sinus and orbital apex in an HIV-positive patient.
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal Ophthalmology. 1989;96(4):462–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(89)
32855-7
relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced 13. Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Mierau GW, Sze CI, Breeze RE, Greffe B, Lillehei KO, et
them in writing this article. al. Unusual dural and skull-based mesenchymal neoplasms: A report of four cases.
Hum Pathol. 1998;29(3):240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(98)
90042-9
Authors’ contributions 14. Blumenthal DT, Raizer JJ, Rosenblum MK, Bilsky MH, Hariharan S A LE. Primary
intracranial neoplasms in patients with HIV. Neurology. 1999;52:1648–1651.
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.8.1648
C.D.W. and A.A.M. were responsible for conception and
design. Data collection was done by C.D.W. Data analysis 15. Dhillon. WS ST. Diplopia in a patient with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(15):362.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm0905333
and interpretation, drafting of the article and final approval 16. Junior AKB, Moura FC MM. Bilateral cavernous sinus non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as
of the version to be published were done by both authors. the presenting sign of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Case report. Arq
Bras Oftalmol. 2011;74(2):130–131.
17. Meltzer DE, Gollapelle E, Chrysofakis G, Modica I, Chung M GM. Nasopharyngeal
References carcinoma in an HIV-positive patient with cranial nerve defects. Hem Onc Today.
[cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: https://www.healio.com/hematology-
oncology/head-neck-cancer/news/print/hemonc-today/%7B771c16c2-52b6-
1. Standring S. Gray’s anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st ed. 455b-98de-d81bc340414a%7D/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-in-an-hiv-positive-
Book. 2015;1562. patient-with-cranial-nerve-defects
2. Lee JH, Lee HK, Park JK, Choi CG, Suh DC. Cavernous sinus syndrome: Clinical 18. Humphrey JM, Walsh TJ GR. Invasive aspergillus sinusitis in Human
features and differential diagnosis with MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol. Immunodeficiency Virus infection: Case report and review of the literature. Open
2003;181(2):583–590. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.181.2.1810583 Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(3):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw135

http://www.sajhivmed.org.za 212 Open Access