Page 329 - HIVMED_v21_i1.indb

Page 8 of 8 Original Research

13. Kalra S, Kalra B, Agrawal N, Unnikrishnan AG. Understanding diabetes in patients 35. Wang C, Crapo LM. The epidemiology of thyroid disease and implications for
with HIV/AIDS. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2011;3(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758- screening. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1997;26(1):189–218. https://doi.
5996-3-2 org/10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70240-1
14. De Wit S, Sabin CA, Weber R, et al. Incidence and risk factors for new-onset 36. Huber G, Mitrache C, Guglielmetti M, Huber P, Staub JJ. Predictors of overt
diabetes in HIV-infected patients. The data collection on adverse events of anti- hypothyroidism and natural course: A long-term follow-up study in impending
HIV drugs (D: A:D) study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(6):1224–1229. https://doi. thyroid failure. 71st Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association,
org/10.2337/dc07-2013 Portland, OR; 1998; Abstract 109, September 1998.
15. Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a 37. Hak AE, Pols HAP, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hofman A, Witteman JCM. Subclinical
community: The Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol.1977;7(6):481–493. https:// hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial
doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x infarction in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(4):270–
278. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00004
16. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid disease
prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(4):526–534. https://doi. 38. Rodondi N, Aujesky D, Vittinghoff E, Cornuz J, Bauer DC. Subclinical hypothyroidism
org/10.1001/archinte.160.4.526 and the risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006;119(7):
541–551. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00004
17. Papazafiropoulou A. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among Greek type 2
diabetic patients attending an outpatient clinic. J Clin Med Res. 2010;2(2):75–78. 39. Ochs N, Auer R, Bauer D, et al. Meta-analysis: Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and
https://doi.org/10.4021/jocmr2010.03.281w the risk for coronary heart disease and mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(11):832–
845. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-11-200806030-0022
18. Akbar DH, Ahmed MM, Al-Mughales J. Thyroid dysfunction and thyroid
autoimmunity in Saudi type 2 diabetics. Acta Diabetol. 2006;43(1):14–18. https:// 40. Singh S, Duggal J, Molnar J, Maldonado F, Barsano CP, Arora R. Impact of subclinical
doi.org/10.1007/s00592-006-0204-8 thyroid disorders on coronary heart disease, cardiovascular and all-cause
mortality: A meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2008;125(1):41–48. https://doi.org/
19. Wang C. The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and related thyroid 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.02.027
diseases. J Diabetes Res. 2013;2013;390534. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/390534 41. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, et al. The development of ischemic
20. Udiong CEJ, Udoh AE, Etukudoh ME. Evaluation of thyroid function in diabetes heart disease in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease in a 20-year follow-up
mellitus in Calabar, Nigeria. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2007;22(7):74–78. https://doi. study of an English community. Thyroid. 1996;6(3):155–160. https://doi.org/
org/10.1007/BF02913318 10.1089/thy.1996.6.155
21. Singh G, Gupta V, Sharma AK, Gupta N. Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction among 42. Haentjens P, Van Meerhaeghe A, Poppe K, Velkeniers B. Subclinical thyroid
type 2 diabetic Punjabi population. Adv Biores. 2011;2(2):3–9. dysfunction and mortality: An estimate of relative and absolute excess all-cause
mortality based on time-to-event data from cohort studies. Eur J Endocrinol.
22. Ladenson PW, Singer PA, Ain KB, et al. American thyroid association guidelines for 2008;159(3):329–341. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-08-0110
detection of thyroid dysfunction. Arch Int Med. 2000;160(11):1573–1575. https://
doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.11.1573 43. Mohn A, Di Michele S, Di Luzio R, Tumini S, Chiarelli F. The effect of subclinical
23. Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, et al. American Association of Clinical hypothyroidism on metabolic control in children and adolescents with Type 1
diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2002;19(1):70–73. https://doi.org/10.1046/
Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and j.1464-5491.2002.00635.x
treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002;8(6):
457–469. https://doi.org/10.4158/1934-2403-8.6.457 44. Franzese A, Buono P, Mascolo M, Leo AL, Valerio G. Thyroid autoimmunity starting
during the course of type 1 diabetes denotes a subgroup of children with more
24. UK guidelines for the use of thyroid function tests [homepage on the Internet]. severe diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(8):1201–1202. https://doi.org/10.2337/
2006 [cited 2006 Jul n.d.]. Available from: http://british-thyroid-association.org/ diacare.23.8.1201
info-for-patients/Docs/TFT_guideline_final_version_July_2006.pdf
45. Fatourechi V. Subclinical hypothyroidism: An update for primary care physicians.
25. Stockigt JR. Case finding and screening strategies for thyroid dysfunction. Clin Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(1):65–71. https://doi.org/10.4065/84.1.65
Chim Acta. 2002;315(1–2):111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(01)
00715-x 46. McDermott MT, Ridgway EC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and
should be treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(10):4585–4590. https://doi.
26. Warren RE, Perros P, Nyirenda MJ, Frier BM. Serum thyrotropin is a better org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7959
predictor of future thyroid dysfunction than thyroid autoantibody status in
biochemically euthyroid patients with diabetes: Implications for screening. 47. Chu JW, Crapo LM. The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is seldom
Thyroid. 2004;14(10):853–857. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2004.14.853 necessary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(10):4591–4599. https://doi.
org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7961
27. Parsa AA, Bhangoo A. HIV and thyroid dysfunction. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 48. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: Scientific review
2013;14(1):127–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-013-9248-6 and guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAMA. 2004;291(2):228–238.
28. Brockmeyer N, Kreuter A, Bader A, Seemann U, Reimann G. Prevalence of https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.2.228
endocrine dysfunction in HIV infected men. Horm Res. 2000;54(5–6):294–295. 49. Kong WM, Sheikh MH, Lumb PJ, et al. A 6-month randomised trial of thyroxine
https://doi.org/10.1159/000053274 treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism [published correction
29. Diez JJ, Iglesias P. Subclinical hyperthyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes. appears in Am J Med. 2002;113(3):264] Am J Med. 2002;112(5):348–354. https://
Endocrine. 2012;42(1):157–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9621-3 doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01022-7
30. Helfand M. Screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant adults: 50. Kadiyala R, Peter R, Okosieme OE. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes:
A summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Clinical implications and screening strategies. Int J Clin Pract. 2010,64(8): 1130–1139.
Intern Med. 2004;140(2):128–141. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-2- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02376.x
200401200-00015 51. Kohli R, Shevitz A, Gorbach S, Wanke C. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of
31. Han C, He X, Xinghai X, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes: A metformin for the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy. HIV Med. 2007;8(7):420–426.
systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135233. https:// https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00488.x
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135233 52. Rao PV. Persons with type 2 diabetes and co-morbid active tuberculosis should be
32. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, et al. The incidence of thyroid managed with insulin. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 1999;19(1):79–88.
disorders in the community: A twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin 53. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Jensen K, Costello J, et al. Metformin inhibits growth and
Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995;43(1):55–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995. decreases resistance to anoikis in medullary thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat
tb01894.x Cancer. 2012;19(3):447–456. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-12-0046
33. Kabadi UM. Subclinical hypothyroidism. Natural course of the syndrome during a 54. Pillay S, Aldous C, Mahomed F. A deadly combination – HIV and diabetes: Where
prolonged follow-up study. Arch Intern Med.1993;153(8):957–961. https://doi. are we now? SAMJ. 2016;106(4):378–383. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2016.
org/10.1001/archinte.1993.00410080025004 v106i4.9950
34. Tunbridge WMG, Brewis M, French JM, et al. Natural history of autoimmune 55. Hsue PY, Walters DD. Time to recognise HIV infection as a major cardiovascular risk
thyroiditis. Br Med J. 1981;282(6260):258–262. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.282. factor. Circulation. 2018;138(11):1113–1115. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulation
6260.258 AHA.118.036211

http://www.sajhivmed.org.za 321 Open Access