Page 187 - HIVMED_v21_i1.indb
P. 187
Page 6 of 6 Review Article
23. Spivak AM, Andrade A, Eisele E, et al. A pilot study assessing the safety and 42. López-Huertas MR, Mateos E, Sánchez del Cojo M et al. The presence of HIV-1 Tat
latency-reversing activity of disulfiram in HIV-1-infected adults on antiretroviral protein second exon delays fas protein-mediated apoptosis in CD4+ T lymphocytes:
therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(6):883–890. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit813 A potential mechanism for persistent viral production. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:
24. Elliott JH, McMahon J, Chang C, et al. Short-term administration of disulfiram for 7626–7644. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.408294
reversal of latent HIV infection: A phase 2 dose-escalation study. Lancet HIV. 43. Llambi F, Moldoveanu T, Tait S, et al. A unified model of mammalian BCL-2 protein
2015;2(12):e520–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00226-X family interactions at the mitochondria. Mol Cell. 2011;44(4):517–531. https://
25. Archin NM, Liberty A, Kashuba A et al. Administration of vorinostat disrupts HIV-1 doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.10.001
latency in patients on antiretroviral therapy. Nature. 2012;487:482–485. https:// 44. Wolf D, Witte V, Laffert B, et al. HIV-1 Nef associated PAK and PI3-kinases stimulate
doi.org/10.1038/nature11286 Akt-independent Bad-phosphorylation to induce anti-apoptotic signals. Nat Med.
26. Rasmussen TA, Tolstrup M, Brinkmann C, et al. Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase 2001;7:1217–1224. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1101-1217
inhibitor, for latent-virus reactivation in HIV-infected patients on suppressive 45. Wu X, Dong H, Ye X, et al. HIV-1 Tat increases BAG3 via NF-κB signaling to induce
antiretroviral therapy: A phase 1/2, single group, clinical trial. Lancet HIV. autophagy during HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Cell Cycle.
2014;1(1):e13–e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(14)70014-1 2018;13:1614–1623. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2018.1480219
27. Shan L, Deng K, Shroff N, et al. Stimulation of HIV-1-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes 46. Dong H, Ye X, Zhong L, et al. Role of FOXO3 activated by HIV-1 tat in HIV-associated
facilitates elimination of latent viral reservoir after virus reactivation. Immunity. neurocognitive disorder neuronal apoptosis. Front Neurosci. 2019;4:44. https://
2012;36(3):491–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.014 doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00044
28. Deng K, Pertea M, Rongvaux A, et al. Broad CTL response is required to clear latent 47. Hassan M, Watari H, AbuAlmaaty A, Ohba Y, Sakuragi N. Apoptosis and molecular
HIV-1 due to dominance of escape mutations. Nature. 2015;517:381–385. https:// targeting therapy in cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2014;150845:23. https://doi.
doi.org/10.1038/nature14053 org/10.1155/2014/150845
29. Chew GM, Fujita T, Webb G, et al. TIGIT marks exhausted T cells, correlates with 48. Fulda S. Smac mimetics to therapeutically target IAP proteins in cancer. Int
disease progression, and serves as a target for immune restoration in HIV and SIV Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2017;330:157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.
infection. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12:e1005349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. 09.004
ppat.1005349
49. Gao Z, Tian Y, Wang J, et al. A dimeric Smac/diablo peptide directly relieves
30. Thorlund K, Horwitz MS, Fife BT, Lester R, Cameron DW. Landscape review of caspase-3 inhibition by XIAP. Dynamic and cooperative regulation of XIAP by
current HIV ‘kick and kill’ cure research – Some kicking, not enough killing. BMC Smac/Diablo. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:30718–30727. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.
Infect Dis. 2017;17:595. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2683-3 M705258200
31. Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E, et al. Validation of the CNS penetration- 50. Bertrand MJ, Milutinovic S, Dickson K, et al. cIAP1 and cIAP2 facilitate cancer cell
effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central survival by functioning as E3 ligases that promote RIP1 ubiquitination. Mol Cell.
nervous system. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(1):65–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/ 2008;30(6):689–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2008.05.014
archneurol.2007.31
32. Putatunda L, Ho WZ, Hu W. HIV-1 and compromised adult neurogenesis: Emerging 51. Campbell GR, Bruckman RS, ChuYL, Trout RN, Spector SA. SMAC mimetics induce
autophagy-dependent apoptosis of HIV-1-infected resting memory CD4+ T cells.
evidence for a new paradigm of HAND persistence. AIDS Rev. 2019;21:11–22. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24(5):689–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.
https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.19000003 09.007
33. Churchill MJ, Cowley DJ, Wesselingh SL, Gorry PR, Gray LR. HIV-1 transcriptional 52. Pache L, Dutra MS, Spivak AM, et al. BIRC2/cIAP1 is a negative regulator of HIV-1
regulation in the central nervous system and implications for HIV cure research. J transcription and can be targeted by smac mimetics to promote reversal of viral
Neurovirol. 2015;21:290–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-014-0271-5 latency. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;18(3):345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
34. Yang HC, Xing S, Shan L, et al. Small-molecule screening using a human primary chom.2015.08.009
cell model of HIV latency identifies compounds that reverse latency without 53. Kyei GB, Dinkins C, Davis AS, et al. Autophagy pathway intersects with HIV-1
cellular activation. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:3473–3486. https://doi.org/10.1172/ biosynthesis and regulates viral yields in macrophages. J Cell Biol. 2009;186(2):255–
JCI39199 268. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200903070
35. Garrido C, Abad-Fernandez M, Tuyishime M, et al. Interleukin-15-stimulated 54. Borel S, Robert-Hebmann V, Alfaisal J, et al. HIV-1 viral infectivity factor interacts
natural killer cells clear HIV-1-infected cells following latency reversal ex vivo. J with microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 and inhibits autophagy. AIDS.
Virol. 2018;92(12):e00235–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00235-18 2015;29(3):275–286. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000554
36. Halper-Stromberg A, Lu C, Klein F, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies and viral 55. Boddu P, Carter BZ, Verstovek S, Pemmaraju N. SMAC mimetics as potential cancer
inducers decrease rebound from HIV-1 latent reservoirs in humanized mice. Cell. therapeutics in myeloid malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2019;185(2):219–231.
2014;158(5):989–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.043 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15829
37. Kim Y, Anderson JL, Lewin SR. Getting the ‘Kill’ into ‘Shock and Kill’: Strategies to 56. Cummins NW, Sainski AM, Dai H, et al. Prime, shock, and kill: Priming CD4 T
eliminate latent HIV. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23(1):14–26. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.004 cells from HIV patients with a BCL-2 antagonist before HIV reactivation reduces
HIV reservoir size. J Virol. 2016;90:4032–4048. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.
38. Procopio FA, Fromentin R, Kulpa D, et al. A novel assay to measure the magnitude 03179-15
of the inducible viral reservoir in HIV-infected individuals. EBioMedicine.
2015;2(8):874–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.06.019 57. Lucas A, Kim Y, Rivera-Pabon O, et al. Targeting the PI3K/Akt cell survival pathway
to induce cell death of HIV-1 infected macrophages with alkylphospholipid
39. Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders compounds. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):e13121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER study. Neurology. 0013121
2010;75(23):2087–2096. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727 58. Kim Y, Hollenbaugh JA, Kim DH, Kim B. Novel PI3K/Akt inhibitors screened by the
40. Timilsina U, Gaur R. Modulation of apoptosis and viral latency – An axis to be well cytoprotective function of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. PLoS One.
understood for successful cure of human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol. 2011;6(7):e21781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021781
2016;97(4):813–824. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000402 59. Li P, Kaiser P, Lampiris HW, et al. Stimulating the RIG-I pathway to kill cells in the
41. Green DR, Llambi F. Cell death signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7. latent HIV reservoir following viral reactivation. Nat Med. 2016;22:807–811.
https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006080 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4124
http://www.sajhivmed.org.za 179 Open Access