Page 379 - SAHCS HIVMed Journal Vol 20 No 1 2019

Page 6 of 8 Original Research

provided input into study assessments and assisted with the 15. Persaud D, Gay H, Ziemniak C, et al. Absence of detectable HIV-1 viremia after
article writing; A.J.v.R. was the project manager on study and treatment cessation in an infant. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(19):1828–1835. https://
doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1302976
assisted with the article writing; R.H.G.M. was the 16. Cotton MF, Rabie H. Impact of earlier combination antiretroviral therapy on
immunologist on study and assisted with the article writing; outcomes in children. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10(1):12–17. https://doi.org/
10.1097/COH.0000000000000117
G.U.v.Z. was the virologist on study and assisted with the 17. Bitnun A, Samson L, Chun TW, et al. Early initiation of combination antiretroviral
article writing; M.K. assisted with the article writing; and therapy in HIV-1-infected newborns can achieve sustained virologic suppression
M.F.C. was the principal investigator of the study and with low frequency of CD4+ T cells carrying HIV in peripheral blood. Clin Infect Dis.
2014;59(7):1012–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu432
assisted with the article writing. 18. Goulder PJ, Lewin SR, Leitman EM. Paediatric HIV infection: The potential for cure.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(4):259–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.19
19. Kuhn L, Paximadis M, Da Costa Dias B, et al. Age at antiretroviral therapy initiation
Funding and cell-associated HIV-1 DNA levels in HIV-1-infected children. PLoS One.
2018;13(4):e0195514. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195514
Research reported in this publication was supported by the 20. Luzuriaga K, Tabak B, Garber M, et al. HIV type 1 (HIV-1) proviral reservoirs decay
National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes continuously under sustained virologic control in HIV-1-infected children who
received early treatment. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(10):1529–1538. https://doi.
of Health, USA, under Award Number R01MH105134. org/10.1093/infdis/jiu297
21. McManus M, Mick E, Hudson R, et al. Early combination antiretroviral therapy limits
exposure to HIV-1 replication and cell-associated HIV-1 DNA levels in infants. PLoS
Data availibility statement One. 2016;11(4):e0154391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154391
22. Persaud D, Palumbo PE, Ziemniak C, et al. Dynamics of the resting CD4(+) T-cell
Data sharing for these preliminary outcomes is not applicable latent HIV reservoir in infants initiating HAART less than 6 months of age. AIDS.
until the study is completed. 2012;26(12):1483–1490. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283553638
23. Van Zyl GU, Bedison MA, Van Rensburg AJ, Laughton B, Cotton MF, Mellors JW.
Early antiretroviral therapy in South African children reduces HIV-1-infected cells
and cell-associated HIV-1 RNA in blood mononuclear cells. J Infect Dis.
Disclaimer 2015;212(1):39–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu827
24. Veldsman KA, Maritz J, Isaacs S, et al. Rapid decline of HIV-1 DNA and RNA
The submitted article is the own work of the authors and not in infants starting very early antiretroviral therapy may pose a diagnostic
an official position of their institutions and does not challenge. AIDS. 2018;32(5):629–634. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.00000000
00001739
necessarily represent the official views of the funders from 25. Robertson K, Liner J, Meeker RB. Antiretroviral neurotoxicity. J Neurovirol.
National Institutes of Health. 2012;18(5):388–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-012-0120-3
26. Martiz J, Van Zyl G, Mellors JW, et al. Feasibility of a targeted, very early infant HIV
References diagnosis algorithm in a resource-limited setting. Conference on retroviruses and
opportunistic infections. Boston: International Journal of Infectious Diseases;
2014. p. 129.
1. Bednar MM, Sturdevant CB, Tompkins LA, et al. Compartmentalization, viral 27. Nelson A, Maritz J, Giddy J, et al. HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy initiation at
evolution, and viral latency of HIV in the CNS. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12(2): birth: Views from a primary care setting in Khayelitsha. South Afr J HIV Med.
262–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0265-9 2015;16(1):376. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v16i1.376
2. Brahmbhatt H, Boivin M, Ssempijja V, et al. Neurodevelopmental benefits of 28. Griffiths R. The Griffiths mental development scales: From birth to 2 years.
antiretroviral therapy in Ugandan children aged 0-6 years with HIV. J Acquir Immune Revision by Huntley M. London: The Test Agency Ltd; 1996.
Defic Syndr. 2014;67(3):316–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000295
3. Boivin MJ, Barlow-Mosha L, Chernoff MC, et al. Neuropsychological performance 29. Amod ZCK, Soelaart B. Use of the 1996 Griffiths mental developmental scales for
infants: A pilot study with a Black, South African sample. J Child Adolescent Ment
in African children with HIV enrolled in a multisite antiretroviral clinical trial. AIDS. Health. 2007;19(21):123–130. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280580709486647
2018;32(2):189–204. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000530201.64167.b7
4. Donald KA, Hoare J, Eley B, Wilmshurst JM. Neurologic complications of pediatric 30. Laughton B, Cornell M, Kidd M, et al. Five year neurodevelopment outcomes
human immunodeficiency virus: Implications for clinical practice and management of perinatally HIV-infected children on early limited or deferred continuous
challenges in the African setting. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2014;21(1):3–11. https:// antiretroviral therapy. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(5):e25106. https://doi.org/10.1002/
doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2014.01.004 jia2.25106
5. Van Rie A, Harrington PR, Dow A, Robertson K. Neurologic and neurodevelopmental 31. Potterton J, Hilburn N, Strehlau R. Developmental status of preschool children
manifestations of pediatric HIV/AIDS: A global perspective. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. receiving cART: A descriptive cohort study. Child Care Health Dev. 2016;42(3):
2007;11(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2006.10.006 410–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12321
6. Patel K, Ming X, Williams PL, et al. Impact of HAART and CNS-penetrating 32. Springer PE, Laughton B, Harvey J, Esser M. Neurodevelopmental status of HIV-
antiretroviral regimens on HIV encephalopathy among perinatally infected exposed but uninfected children: A pilot study. S Afr J Child Health. 2012;6(2):51–55.
children and adolescents. AIDS. 2009;23(14):1893–1901. https://doi.org/10.1097/
QAD.0b013e32832dc041 33. Davies L, Dunn M, Chersich M, et al. Developmental delay of infants and young
7. Brahmbhatt H, Boivin M, Ssempijja V, et al. Impact of HIV and atiretroviral therapy children with and without fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the Northern
Cape Province, South Africa. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg). 2011;14(4):298–305.
on neurocognitive outcomes among school-aged children. J Acquir Immune Defic https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v14i4.7
Syndr. 2017;75(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001305
8. Benki-Nugent S, Wamalwa D, Langat A, et al. Comparison of developmental 34. Perez EM, Hendricks MK, Beard JL, et al. Mother-infant interactions and infant
milestone attainment in early treated HIV-infected infants versus HIV-unexposed development are altered by maternal iron deficiency anaemia. J Nutr. 2005;135:
infants: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):24. https://doi.org/ 850–855. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.4.850
10.1186/s12887-017-0776-1 35. Luiz D, editor. Griffiths scales of mental development: South African studies.
9. Collins IJ, Judd A, Gibb DM. Immediate antiretroviral therapy in young Research Papers. Port Elizabeth: University of Port Elizabeth; 1997, C 25.
HIV-infected children: Benefits and risks. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014;9(1):87–94. 36. Laher S, Cockroft K, editors. Psychological assessment in South Africa, research
https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000027 and applications. Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press; 2013.
10. Laughton B, Cornell M, Grove D, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy improves
neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. AIDS. 2012;26(13):1685–1690. https:// 37. Hall SM, Pugh AG, Hall DM. Vision screening in the under-5s. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).
doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328355d0ce 1982;285(6348):1096–1098. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.285.6348.1096
11. Strehlau R, Kuhn L, Abrams EJ, Coovadia A. HIV-associated neurodevelopmental 38. Mazanderani AH, Moyo F, Kufa T, Sherman GG. Brief report: Declining baseline
delay: Prevalence, predictors and persistence in relation to antiretroviral therapy viremia and escalating discordant HIV-1 confirmatory results within South Africa’s
initiation and viral suppression. Child Care Health Dev. 2016;42(6):881–889. early infant diagnosis program, 2010-2016. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12399 2018;77(2):212–216. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001581
12. Van Arnhem LA, Bunders MJ, Scherpbier HJ, et al. Neurologic abnormalities in 39. Boyede GO, Lesi FE, Ezeaka VC, Umeh CS. Impact of sociodemographic factors on
HIV-1 infected children in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. cognitive function in school-aged HIV-infected Nigerian children. HIV AIDS (Auckl).
2013;8(5):e64398. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064398 2013;5:145–152. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S43260
13. Whitehead N, Potterton J, Coovadia A. The neurodevelopment of HIV-infected 40. Richter LM, Mofenson LM. Children born into families affected by HIV. AIDS.
infants on HAART compared to HIV-exposed but uninfected infants. AIDS Care. 2014;28(Suppl 3):S241–S244. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000361
2014;26(4):497–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.841828 41. Suchdev PS, Boivin MJ, Forsyth BW, Georgieff MK, Guerrant RL, Nelson CA, 3rd.
14. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral Assessment of neurodevelopment, nutrition, and inflammation from fetal life to
drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public adolescence in low-resource settings. Pediatrics. 2017;139(Suppl 1):S23–S37.
health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; June 2016. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2828E
http://www.sajhivmed.org.za 372 Open Access