Page 231 - SAHCS HIVMed Journal Vol 20 No 1 2019

Page 6 of 6 Original Research

Cape Town, for the analysis of the plasma samples, as well as 10. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral
Heidi Freislich and the team at Gugulethu who collected the drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public
health approach. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
hair samples. 11. Gandhi M, Ameli N, Gange S, et al. Concentrations of efavirenz in hair correlate
strongly with 24-hour intensive pharmacokinetic measurements and with
virologic outcomes. In 17th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic
The research reported in this publication was supported by infections, Paper 604. San Francisco, CA; 2010.
the Adult Clinical Trial Group (ACTG-NIDA National Institute 12. Ståhle L, Moberg L, Svensson J-O, Sönnerborg A. Efavirenz plasma concentrations
in HIV-infected patients: Inter- and intraindividual variability and clinical
of Health; grant UM1AI068636). Funding for this work effects. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26:267–270. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-
was provided by the European and Developing Countries 200406000-00008
Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP; TA.2011.40200.015) and 13. Marzolini C, Telenti A, Decosterd L, Biollaz J, Buclin T. Efavirenz plasma levels
can predict treatment failure and central nervous system side effects in HIV-1-
the Discovery Foundation. infected patients. AIDS. 2001;15:1193–1194. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-
200106150-00023
14. Röhrich CR, Drögemöller BI, Ikediobi O, et al. CYP2B6*6 and CYP2B6*18 predict
Competing interests long-term efavirenz exposure measured in hair samples in HIV-positive South
African women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32:529–538. https://doi.
org/10.1089/aid.2015.0048
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal 15. Gandhi M, Greenblatt RM, Bacchetti P, et al. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in
relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in plasma and hair
among HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:1453–1461. https://doi.org/
them in writing this article. 10.1093/infdis/jis508
16. Orrell C, Cohen K, Mauff K, Bangsberg DR, Maartens G, Wood R. A randomized
controlled trial of real-time electronic adherence monitoring with text message
Disclaimer dosing reminders in people starting first-line antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr. 2015;70:495–502. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000770
The content presented in this article is solely the responsibility 17. Orrell C, Bienczak A, Cohen K, et al. Effect of mid-dose efavirenz concentrations
of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official and CYP2B6 genotype on viral suppression in patients on first-line antiretroviral
therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47:466–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
views of the institution or funders. ijantimicag.2016.03.017
18. Wisepill Technologies. [cited 2017 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.wisepill.com
19. Orrell C, Cohen K, Leisegang R, Bangsberg DR, Wood R, Maartens G. Comparison
Authors’ contributions of six methods to estimate adherence in an ART-naïve cohort in a resource-poor
setting: Which best predicts virological and resistance outcomes? AIDS Res Ther.
C.O. and G.M. designed the study. C.O. supervised the 2017;14:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-017-0138-y
fieldwork and assisted with statistical analysis of the data. 20. Holzinger ER, Grady B, Ritchie MD, et al. Genome-wide association study of
plasma efavirenz pharmacokinetics in AIDS clinical trials group protocols
J.J., under the supervision of L.W. and P.S., carried out the implicates several CYP2B6 variants. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012;22:858–867.
https://doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0b013e32835a450b
laboratory analysis of the hair samples and wrote the 21. Johnston J, Orrell C, Smith P, Joubert A, Wiesner L. A validated liquid chromatography/
manuscript, with input from C.O. and G.M. All authors read tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of efavirenz in 0.2 mg hair
and approved the final manuscript. samples from human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Rapid Commun
Mass Spectrom. 2018;32:657–664. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8077
22. Beumer JH, Bosman IJ, Maes RA. Hair as a biological specimen for therapeutic
drug monitoring. Int J Clin Pract. 2001;55:353–357.
References 23. Podsadecki TJ, Vrijens BC, Tousset EP, Rode RA, Hanna GJ. ‘White Coat Compliance’
limits the reliability of therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV-1 – Infected patients.
1. Gill CJ, Hamer DH, Simon JL, Thea DM, Sabin LL. No room for complacency HIV Clin Trials. 2008;9:238–246. https://doi.org/10.1310/hct0904-238
about adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS.
2005;19:1243–1249. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000180094.04652.3b 24. Duval X, Peytavin G, Breton G, et al. Hair versus plasma concentrations as indicator
2. Bartlett JG. Addressing the challenges of adherence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. of indinavir exposure in HIV-1-infected patients treated with indinavir/ritonavir
combination. AIDS. 2007;21:106–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e
2002;29:S2–S10. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200202011-00002 3280118486
3. Gandhi M, Greenblatt RM. Hair IT. Is: The long and short of monitoring 25. Bernard L, Vuagnat A, Peytavin G, Hallouin M, Bouhour D, Nguyen TH. Relationship
antiretroviral treatment. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:696–697. https://doi. between levels of indinavir in hair and virologic response to highly active
org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00016 antiretroviral therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:656–659. https://doi.org/
4. Berg KM, Arnsten JH. Practical and conceptual challenges in measuring 10.7326/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00009
antiretroviral adherence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:S79–S87. https:// 26. Gandhi M, Ameli N, Bacchetti P, et al. Atazanavir concentration in hair is the
doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000248337.97814.66 strongest predictor of outcomes on antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis.
5. Marcellin F, Spire B, Carrieri MP, Roux P. Assessing adherence to antiretroviral 2011;52:1267–1275. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir131
therapy in randomized HIV clinical trials: A review of currently used methods. 27. Gandhi M, Ameli N, Bacchetti P, et al. Protease inhibitor levels in hair strongly
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11:239–250. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.13.8 predict virologic response to treatment. AIDS. 2009;23:471–478. https://doi.
6. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353: 487–497. org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328325a4a9
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050100 28. Yan J, Liu J, Su B, et al. Lamivudine concentration in hair and prediction of
7. Chesney MA, Morin M, Sherr L. Adherence to HIV combination therapy. Soc Sci virologic failure and drug resistance among HIV patients receiving free ART in
Med. 2000;50:1599–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00468-2 China. Jiang S, editor. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0154421. https://doi.org/10.1371/
8. Van Zyl GU, van Mens TE, McIlleron H, et al. Low lopinavir plasma or hair journal.pone.0154421
concentrations explain second-line protease inhibitor failures in a resource- 29. Hickey MD, Salmen CR, Tessler RA, et al. Antiretroviral concentrations in small hair
limited setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56:333–339. https://doi. samples as a feasible marker of adherence in rural Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic
org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31820dc0cc Syndr. 2014;66:311–315. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000154
9. Baxi SM, Liu A, Bacchetti P, et al. Comparing the novel method of assessing PrEP 30. Olds P, Kiwanuka J, Nansera D, et al. Assessment of HIV antiretroviral therapy
adherence/exposure using hair samples to other pharmacologic and traditional adherence by measuring drug concentrations in hair among children in rural
measures. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/ Uganda. AIDS Care. 2015;27:327–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.
QAI.0000000000000386 983452

http://www.sajhivmed.org.za 224 Open Access