Page 419 - HIVMED_v21_i1.indb
P. 419
Page 6 of 6 Original Research
10. Mbuba CK, Ngugi AK, Newton CR, Carter JA. The epilepsy treatment gap in 28. Van Rie A, Harrington PR, Dow A, Robertson K. Neurologic and neurodevelopmental
developing countries: A systematic review of the magnitude, causes, and manifestations of pediatric HIV/AIDS: a global perspective. Eur J Paediatr Neurol.
intervention strategies. Epilepsia. 2008;49(9):1491–1503. https://doi.org/ 2007;11(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2006.10.006
10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01693.x 29. Christianson AL, Zwane ME, Manga P, Rosen E, Venter A, Kromberg JG. Epilepsy in
11. Carpio A, Hauser WA. Epilepsy in the developing world. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. rural South African children: Prevalence, associated disability and management.
2009;9(4):319–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-009-0048-z S Afr Med J. 2000;90(3):262–266.
12. Wilmshurst JM, Birbeck GL, Newton CR. Epilepsy is ubiquitous, but more 30. Jallon P, Latour P. Epidemiology of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia.
devastating in the poorer regions of the world… or is it? Epilepsia. 2014 2005;46(Suppl 9):10–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00309.x
Sep;55(9):1322–1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12602
31. Kellinghaus C, Engbring C, Kovac S, et al. Frequency of seizures and epilepsy in
13. Wagner RG, Bottomley C, Ngugi AK, et al. Incidence, remission and mortality neurological HIV-infected patients. Seizure. 2008;17(1):27–33. https://doi.org/
of convulsive epilepsy in rural northeast South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6): 10.1016/j.seizure.2007.05.017
e0129097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129097
32. Weisberg LA. Neurologic abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus
14. Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, et al. Developmental potential in the infection. South Med J. 2001;94(3):266–275. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-
first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007 Jan 06;369(9555): 200194030-00001
60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
15. Civitello L, Brouwers P, Pizzo PA. Neurological and neuropsychological 33. Modi M. New onset seizures in HIV. Epilepsia. 2009;50(5):1266–1269. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01942.x
manifestations of 120 children with symptomatic HIV infection. Ann Neurol.
1993;34:481. 34. Walker, SY, Pierre, RB, Christie, CDC, Chang SM. Neurocognitive function in
16. Tellechea-Rotta N, Legido A. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by vertical HIV-positive children in a developing country. Int J Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;17(10):
transmission: Neurological disorders. Rev Neurol. 2003;36:255–263. https://doi. e862–e867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.014
org/10.33588/rn.3603.2002246 35. Brahmbhatt H, Boivin M, Ssempijja V, et al. Neurodevelopmental benefits of
17. Samia P, Petersen R, Walker K, Eley B, Wilmshurst JM. Prevalence of seizures in antiretroviral therapy in Ugandan children aged 0–6 years with HIV. J Acquir
children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Child Neurol. 2013; Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(3):316–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000
28(3):297–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073812446161 000000295
18. Bhigjee AI. Seizures in HIV/AIDS: A southern African perspective. Acta Neurol Scand 36. Brahmbhatt H, Boivin M, Ssempijja V, et al. Impact of HIV and antiretroviral
Suppl. 2005;122(181):4–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005. 00500.x therapy on neurocognitive outcomes among school aged children. J Acquir
19. Bearden D, Steenhoff AP, Dlugos DJ, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy is protective Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.00000000
00001305
against epilepsy in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection in
Botswana. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(2):193–199. https://doi.org/ 37. Van Rie A, Mupuala A, Dow A. Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the
10.1097/QAI.0000000000000563 neurodevelopment of preschool-aged children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic
20. Govender R, Eley B, Walker K, et al. Neurologic and neurobehavioral sequelae in of the Congo. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):e123–e128. https://doi.org/10.1542/
children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. J Child Neurol. peds.2007-2558
2011;26(11):1355–1364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811405203 38. Crowell CS, Huo Y, Tassiopulos K, et al. Early viral suppression improves
21. Gupta S, Shah DM, Shah I. Neurological disorders in HIV-infected children in neurocognitive outcomes in HIV-infected children. AIDS. 2015 Jan;29(3):295–304.
India. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2009;29(3):177–181. https://doi.org/10.1179/02724930 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000528
9X12467994693734 39. Lowick S, Sawry S, Meyers T. Neurodevelopmental delay among HIV-infected
22. Nquqi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, et al. Prevalence of active convulsive preschool children receiving antiretroviral therapy and healthy preschool children
epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: Cross-sectional and in Soweto, South Africa. Psychol Health Med. 2012;17(5):599–610. https://doi.
case-control studies. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Mar 13;12(3):253–263. https://doi. org/ 10.1080/13548506.2011.648201
org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6 40. Weber V, Radeloff D, Reimers B, et al. Neurocognitive development in HIV-
23. World Health Organization. Interim WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS and HIV/ positive children is correlated with plasma viral loads in early childhood.
AIDS case definitions for surveillance: African region. Geneva, Switzerland: World Medicine. 2017 Jun;96(23):e6867. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.000000000
Health Organization; 2005. 0006867
24. World Health Organization. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and 41. Brahmbhatt H, Boivin M, Ssempijja V, et al. Neurodevelopmental benefits of
revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in antiretroviral therapy in Ugandan children aged 0-6 years with HIV. J Acquir
adults and children. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in- Publication Data; 2007. Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(3):316–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.000000
25. Johnson, L. Access to antiretroviral treatment in South Africa, 2004 - 2011. South Afr 0000000295
J HIV Med [serial online]. 2012 Mar 13 [cited 2017 Oct 21];13(1):a156. Available 42. Puthanakit T, Ananworanich J, Vonthanak S, et al. Cognitive function and
from: https://sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/156/261 neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected children older than 1 year of age
26. Dr Pillay, Y. National Consolidated Guidelines for the prevention of mother-to- randomized to early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy: The PREDICT
child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the management of HIV in children neurodevelopmental study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 May;32(5):501–508. https://
adolescents and adults. Pretoria: National Department of Health; April 2015. doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31827fb19d
Available from: www.doh.gov.za 43. Laughton B, Cornell M, Grove D, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy improves
27. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. A practical clinical definition of neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. AIDS. 2012 Aug 24;26(13):1685–1690.
epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12550 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328355d0ce
http://www.sajhivmed.org.za 411 Open Access