Page 29 - SAHCS HIVMed Journal Vol 20 No 1 2019
P. 29

Page 16 of 16  Guideline


              27. Lo Re V, 3rd, Carbonari DM, Lewis JD, et al. Oral Azole antifungal medications and   47. Panomvana  Na  Ayudhya  D,  Thanompuangseree  N,  Tansuphaswadikul  S.  Effect
                risk of acute liver injury, overall and by chronic liver disease status. Am J Med.   of  rifampicin  on  the  pharmacokinetics  of  fluconazole  in  patients  with  AIDS.
                2016;129(3):283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.029  Clin  Pharmacokinet.  2004;43(11):725–732.  https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-
              28. Britz E, Perovic O, von Mollendorf C, et al. The epidemiology of meningitis among   200443110-00003
                adults in a South African province with a high HIV prevalence, 2009–2012. PLoS   48. Meiring S, Fortuin-de Smidt M, Kularatne R, Dawood H, Govender NP, Germs SA.
                One. 2016;11(9):e0163036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163036  Prevalence  and  hospital  management  of  amphotericin  B  deoxycholate-related
              29. McCarthy KM, Morgan J, Wannemuehler KA, et al. Population-based surveillance   toxicities  during  treatment  of  HIV-associated  cryptococcal  meningitis  in  South
                                                                      Africa.  PLoS  Negl  Trop  Dis.  2016;10(7):e0004865.  https://doi.org/10.1371/
                for cryptococcosis in an antiretroviral-naive South African province with a high   journal.pntd.0004865
                HIV  seroprevalence.  AIDS.  2006;20(17):2199–2206.  https://doi.org/10.1097/
                QAD.0b013e3280106d6a                                49. Bicanic T, Bottomley C, Loyse A, et al. Toxicity of amphotericin B deoxycholate-
              30.  Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Williams Z, Rebe K, Harrison TS. Symptomatic relapse of HIV-  based induction therapy in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.
                                                                      Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(12):7224–7231. https://doi.org/10.1128/
                associated cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa: The role of inadequate secondary   AAC.01698-15
                prophylaxis. S Afr Med J. 2010;100(6):378–382. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.3515  50. Dismukes  WE,  Cloud  G,  Gallis  HA,  et  al.  Treatment  of  cryptococcal  meningitis
              31. Kwizera R, Akampurira A, Williams D, Boulware DR, Meya DB, Team A-CS. Acridine   with  combination  amphotericin  B  and  flucytosine  for  four  as  compared  with
                orange fluorescent microscopy is more sensitive than India ink light microscopy   six  weeks.  N  Engl  J  Med.  1987;317(6):334–341.  https://doi.org/10.1056/
                in the rapid detection of cryptococcosis among CrAg positive HIV patients. PLoS   NEJM198708063170602
                One. 2017;12(7):e0182108. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182108  51. Larsen  RA,  Leal  MA,  Chan  LS.  Fluconazole  compared  with  amphotericin  B
              32. Meya DB, Kiragga AN, Nalintya E, et al. Reflexive laboratory-based cryptococcal   plus flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. A randomized trial. Ann
                antigen  screening  and  preemptive  fluconazole  therapy  for  cryptococcal   Intern  Med.  1990;113(3):183–187.  https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-
                antigenemia in HIV-infected individuals with CD4 <100 cells/microL: A stepped-  3-183
                wedge, cluster-randomized trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;80(2):182–
                189. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001894   52. Mayanja-Kizza H, Oishi K, Mitarai S, et al. Combination therapy with fluconazole
                                                                      and flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in Ugandan patients with AIDS. Clin
              33. Morgan  J,  McCarthy  KM,  Gould  S,  et  al.  Cryptococcus  gattii  infection:   Infect Dis. 1998;26(6):1362–1366. https://doi.org/10.1086/516372
                Characteristics and epidemiology of cases identified in a South African province
                with high HIV seroprevalence, 2002-2004. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(8):1077–1080.   53. Brouwer AE, van Kan HJ, Johnson E, et al. Oral versus intravenous flucytosine in
                https://doi.org/10.1086/507897                        patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis.
                                                                      Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(3):1038–1042. https://doi.org/10.1128/
              34. Williams DA, Kiiza T, Kwizera R, et al. Evaluation of fingerstick cryptococcal antigen   AAC.01188-06
                lateral flow assay in HIV-infected persons: A diagnostic accuracy study. Clin Infect
                Dis. 2015;61(3):464–467. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ263  54. Vermes A, Guchelaar HJ, Dankert J. Flucytosine: A review of its pharmacology,
                                                                      clinical indications, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug interactions. J Antimicrob
              35. Govender NP, Patel J, van Wyk M, et al. Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility   Chemother. 2000;46(2):171–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/46.2.171
                of  Cryptococcus  neoformans  isolates  obtained  through  population-based   55. Theron  E.  Development  of  a  tool  to  ensure  correct  stock  management  and
                surveillance  in  South  Africa  in  2002-2003  and  2007-2008.  Antimicrob  Agents   accurate  administration  of  intravenous  amphotericin  B.  S  Afr  Pharmaceut  J.
                Chemother. 2011;55(6):2606–2611. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00048-11  2009:40–42.
              36. Pullen  MF,  Kakooza  F,  Nalintya  E,  et  al.  Change  in  plasma  CrAg  titer  is  not
                associated  with  survival  among  HIV-infected  persons  receiving  preemptive   56.  Rajasingham R, Williams D, Meya DB, Meintjes G, Boulware DR, Scriven J. Nosocomial
                therapy for asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;May 22.   drug-resistant bacteremia in 2 cohorts with cryptococcal meningitis, Africa. Emerg
                pii: ciz418. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz418       Infect Dis. 2014;20(4):722–724. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2004.131277
                                                                    57. Musubire  AK,  Meya  DB,  Rhein  J,  et  al.  Blood  neutrophil  counts  in  HIV-
              37. Powderly WG, Cloud GA, Dismukes WE, Saag MS. Measurement of cryptococcal   infected  patients  with  cryptococcal  meningitis:  Association  with  mortality.
                antigen  in  serum  and  cerebrospinal  fluid:  Value  in  the  management  of  AIDS-  PLoS  One.  2018;13(12):e0209337.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
                associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18(5):789–792. https://  0209337
                doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.5.789
              38. Smith  KD,  Achan  B,  Hullsiek  KH,  et  al.  Increased  antifungal  drug  resistance  in   58. Makadzange AT, Ndhlovu CE, Takarinda K, et al. Early versus delayed initiation of
                                                                      antiretroviral therapy for concurrent HIV infection and cryptococcal meningitis
                clinical  isolates  of  Cryptococcus  neoformans  in  Uganda.  Antimicrob  Agents   in  sub-Saharan  Africa.  Clin  Infect  Dis.  2010;50(11):1532–1538.  https://doi.
                Chemother. 2015;59(12):7197–7204. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01299-15  org/10.1086/652652
              39. Espinel-Ingroff  A,  Chowdhary  A,  Cuenca-Estrella  M,  et  al.  Cryptococcus   59. Boulware DR, Meya DB. Antiretroviral therapy after cryptococcal meningitis. N
                neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: An international study of wild-  Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1166–1167. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1409052
                type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for
                amphotericin B and flucytosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(6):3107–  60. Bisson GP, Molefi M, Bellamy S, et al. Early versus delayed antiretroviral therapy
                3113. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.06252-11            and  cerebrospinal  fluid  fungal  clearance  in  adults  with  HIV  and  cryptococcal
              40. Hospenthal  DR,  Bennett  JE.  Flucytosine  monotherapy  for  cryptococcosis.  Clin   meningitis.  Clin  Infect  Dis.  2013;56(8):1165–1173.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/
                                                                      cit019
                Infect Dis. 1998;27(2):260–264. https://doi.org/10.1086/514669
              41.  Loyse A, Dromer F, Day J, Lortholary O, Harrison TS. Flucytosine and cryptococcosis:   61. Loyse  A,  Wainwright  H,  Jarvis  JN,  et  al.  Histopathology  of  the  arachnoid
                                                                      granulations and brain in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: Correlation with
                Time to urgently address the worldwide accessibility of a 50-year-old antifungal. J   cerebrospinal fluid pressure. AIDS. 2010;24(3):405–410. https://doi.org/10.1097/
                Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(11):2435–2444. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt221  QAD.0b013e328333c005
              42. Loyse A, Burry J, Cohn J, et al. Leave no one behind: Response to new evidence   62. Graybill  JR,  Sobel  J,  Saag  M,  et  al.  Diagnosis  and  management  of  increased
                and guidelines for the management of cryptococcal meningitis in low-income and   intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID
                middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(4):e143–e147. https://doi.  Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin Infect Dis.
                org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30493-6                     2000;30(1):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1086/313603
              43. Longley  N,  Muzoora  C,  Taseera  K,  et  al.  Dose  response  effect  of  high-dose   63. Boyles  TH,  Gatley  E,  Wasserman  S,  Meintjes  G.  Brief  report:  Flow  rate
                fluconazole for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in southwestern Uganda.   of  cerebrospinal  fluid  through  a  spinal  needle  can  accurately  predict
                Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(12):1556–1561. https://doi.org/10.1086/ 593194  intracranial  pressure  in  cryptococcal  meningitis.  J  Acquir  Immune  Defic  Syndr.
              44. Milefchik  E,  Leal  MA,  Haubrich  R,  et  al.  Fluconazole  alone  or  combined  with   2017;74(3):e64–e6. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001183
                flucytosine for the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Med   64. Mogambery TA, Moodley A, Connolly C. Is the intravenous giving set a reliable
                Mycol. 2008;46(4):393–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780701851695  alternative  to  the  spinal  manometer  in  measuring  cerebrospinal  fluid  opening
              45. Hamill  RJ,  Sobel  JD,  El-Sadr  W,  et  al.  Comparison  of  2  doses  of  liposomal   pressure?  S  Afr  Med  J.  2018;108(10):865–869.  https://doi.org/10.7196/
                amphotericin  B  and  conventional  amphotericin  B  deoxycholate  for  treatment   SAMJ.2018.v108i10.13176
                of  AIDS-associated  acute  cryptococcal  meningitis:  A  randomized,  double-blind   65. Vidal JE, Peixoto de Miranda EJ, Gerhardt J, Croda M, Boulware DR. Is it possible
                clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(2):225–232. https://doi.  to  differentiate  tuberculous  and  cryptococcal  meningitis  in  HIV-infected
                org/10.1086/653606                                    patients  using  only  clinical  and  basic  cerebrospinal  fluid  characteristics?  S
              46. Gilead.  Gilead  Sciences  announces  steep  discounts  for  ambisome  to  treat   Afr Med J. 2017;107(2):156–159. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2017.v107i2.
                                                                      11162
                cryptococcal  meningitis  in  low-  and  middle-income  countries  [homepage  on
                the Internet]. Gilead; 2018 [updated 07 September 2018; cited]. Available from:   66.  Ellis J, Cresswell FV, Rhein J, Ssebambulidde K, Boulware DR. Cryptococcal meningitis
                https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/company-statements/discount-for-  and  tuberculous  meningitis  co-infection  in  HIV-infected  Ugandan  adults.  Open
                ambisome.                                             Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(8):ofy193. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy193




                                           http://www.sajhivmed.org.za  22  Open Access
   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33   34