Page 179 - HIVMED_v21_i1.indb

Page 3 of 5 Original Research

illiterate or had less than 12 years of formal education, Table 3 depicts the results of logistic regression, indicating
namely, ‘under diploma’ status. The mean BMI of the that the odds of not using a condom in people with depression
participants was 24.5 kg/m . In all, 30% of participants never are higher compared to those who do not have depression
2
used condoms, 32% sometimes used condoms and 37.1% (odd ration [OR], 6.50; 95% confidence interval [CI],
always used condoms. The demographics of the participants, 3.70–11.42).
their condom use status and their sleep quality are tabulated
in Table 1. According to Table 4, in multinomial logistic regression,
people with depression tended to be about 7.12 and 5.01
The overall prevalence of depression was 56.7%. Almost
70% of those with depression were men, and more than TABLE 2a: Clinical status of depressed and non-depressed participants.
half of the depressed patients were unemployed and had Variable (n = 298) Depressed Non-depressed p
Total
(n = 129)
(n = 169)
not completed formal education (p < 0.05). The depressed Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
group had a significantly higher BMI than the non- Time since HIV 62.32 49.21 56.52 43.76 67.51 54.90 0.056
depressed group. Amongst 169 depressed individuals, diagnosis, months
only 32 (18.9%) always used condoms, whilst 71 (42%) CD4 count 577.03 301.56 586.98 321.23 573.24 277.50 0.698
never used condoms. Almost 70% of the participants had a Duration of ART, 46.19 36.61 42.44 32.17 50.17 41.87 0.073
months (med, IQR)
PSQI of > 5, which means that they had poor sleep quality.
Eighty-two per cent (n = 139) of PLWH with depression
suffered from poor sleep quality. Similarly, 75% and 91% TABLE 2b: Clinical status of depressed and non-depressed participants. p
n
%
%
n
n
%
of depressed people had symptoms of anxiety and stress, Variable 0.408
CD4 count
respectively. Table 2 shows the HIV infection status in < 500 129 43.3 76 45 53 41.1 -
depressed and non-depressed participants. The main ≥ 500 169 56.7 93 55 76 58.9 -
route of HIV transmission to participants was unsafe drug Route of HIV acquisition 0.087
injection. About 24% of people with depression were Sexual contact 120 40.3 68 40.2 52 40.3 -
co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C. Injection drug use 167 56 98 58 69 53.5 -
Blood products 4 1.3 1 0.6 3 2.3 -
TABLE 1a: Demographic characteristics of the depressed and non-depressed Unknown 7 2.3 2 1.2 5 3.9 -
participants. HIV/HBV coinfection 9 3 8 4.7 1 0.8 0.373
Variable Total Depressed Non-depressed p HIV/HCV coinfection 62 20.8 41 24.3 21 16.3 0.376
(n = 298) (n = 169) (n = 129)
HIV/TB coinfection 26 8.7 13 7.7 13 10.1 0.693
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Age, years 39.81 9.67 39.98 10.19 39.59 8.98 0.734 HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV,
hepatitis C virus; TB, tuberculosis.
(mean ± SD)
BMI (kg/m ) 2 24.78 4.16 25.73 4.34 24.06 3.88 0.001
TABLE 3: Results of the unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression to assess the
relation between depression and not using condoms amongst people living with
TABLE 1b: Demographic characteristics of the depressed and non-depressed human immunodeficiency virus.
participants. Variable OR 95% CI p
Variable n % n % n % p Model 1
Sex < 0.0001 Crude adjusted value 6.76 4.00–9.41 < 0.0001
Female 96 32.2 53 55.2 43 44.8 - Model 2
Male 202 67.8 116 57.4 86 42.6 - Age and sex adjusted 6.66 3.43–7.66 < 0.0001
Marital status 0.191 Model 3†
Married (committed) 155 52 79 50.9 76 49.1 - Multivariate adjusted 6.50 3.70–11.42 < 0.0001
Single† 143 48 90 62.9 53 37.1 - OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
Education < 0.0001 Not using a condom was defined as an outcome in the logistics model.
Under diploma 140 47 86 50.9 54 41.9 - †, Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, education, time since HIV infection and marital status.
Diploma 104 34.9 62 59.6 42 40.4 -
Upper diploma 54 18.1 21 38.8 33 61.2 - TABLE 4: Results of unadjusted and adjusted multinomial logistic regression to
Current employment status 0.0100 assess the relation between depression and not continuously using condoms
amongst people living with human immunodeficiency virus.
Employed 217 72.8 111 51.1 106 48.9 -
Variable No vs. consistent Inconsistent vs. consistent
Unemployed 81 27.2 58 71.6 23 28.4 - condom use condom use
Condom use status < 0.0001 (n = 91/111) (n = 96/111)
Never use condom 91 30.5 71 78 20 22 - OR 95% CI p OR 95% CI p
Model 1
Sometimes use condom 96 32.2 66 68.7 30 31.3 -
(inconsistent) Crude adjusted value 7.76 5.60–11.16 < 0.0001 5.54 2.99–7.84 < 0.0001
Always use condom 111 37.2 32 28.8 79 71.2 - Model 2
(consistent) Age and sex adjusted 7.06 5.82–19.76 < 0.0001 5.83 3.17–8.71 < 0.0001
Poor sleep quality 210 70.4 139 82.2 71 55 < 0.0001 Model 3†
(PSQI, > 5)
Multivariate adjusted 7.12 5.85–10.11 < 0.0001 5.01 3.69–8.33 < 0.0001
Anxiety (> 6) 154 51.7 127 75.1 27 20.9 < 0.0001
Stress (> 10) 204 68.5 154 91.1 50 38.8 < 0.0001 OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
Consistent condom used was defined as condoms always used. Inconsistent condom used
BMI, body mass index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. was defined as condoms sometimes used.
†, Never married or divorced. †, Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, education, time since HIV infection and marital status.
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