Page 139 - SAHCS HIVMed Journal Vol 20 No 1 2019
P. 139

Page 6 of 7  Original Research


              AC when information was missing for a selective subset of   L.W.  collected  the  data for analysis.  J.S., L.W., C.C., G.v.C.
              patients in that AC. Despite these limitations, we find these   and  A.G. contributed to the plan of the analysis and
              results promising in introducing the idea that patients who   interpretation of the data. L.W. and V.C. developed the ROTF
              experienced a recent elevated VL can have positive outcomes   to  AC protocol.  All authors commented on drafts of the
              if care is differentiated to meet their specific needs at a   article and approved the final version to be published.
              particular time point in their treatment pathway.
                                                                    References
              Conclusion                                             1. Johnson L, Mossong J, Dorrington E, et al. Life expectancies of South African adults

              Further research is needed to fully understand how less   starting antiretroviral treatment: Collaborative analysis of cohort studies. PLoS
                                                                      Med. 2013;10(4):e1001418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001418
              intense, differentiated ART delivery models can collectively    2. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early
              support the heterogeneous population of patients currently   antiretroviral  therapy.  N  Engl  J  Med.  2011;365(6):493–505.  https://doi.org/
                                                                      10.1056/NEJMoa1105243
              ineligible for these models. We recommend both small-   3. Mills EJ, Nachega JB, Buchan I, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-
              scale  implementation in diverse contexts to assess the   Saharan Africa and North America: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;296(6):679–690.
                                                                      https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.6.679
              generalisability of our findings and randomised control trials    4. Nachega  JB,  Marconi  VC,  Van  Zyl  GU,  et  al.  HIV  treatment  adherence,  drug
              to directly compare the outcomes of patients experiencing   resistance,  virologic  failure:  Evolving  concepts.  Infect  Disord  Drug  Targets.
                                                                      2011;11(2):167–174. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152611795589663
              elevated  VLs  recently  suppressed  or  resuppressed    5. UNAIDS. 90-90-90: An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic.
              immediately accessing a simplified  ART delivery model   Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014.
              versus routine care. Tests of association should be employed    6. Tse  W,  Yang  W,  Haung  W.  A  narrative  review  of  cost-effectiveness  analysis  of
                                                                      people  living  with  HIV  treated  with  HAART:  From  interventions  to  outcomes.
              to determine the populations who could most benefit.    Clinicoecon  Outcomes  Res.  2015;7:431–439.  https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.
              Finally, retention in AC care had its sharpest decline between   S85535
              12 and 18 months, and longer term follow-up is needed to    7. Madi D, Gupta P. Achappa B, et al. HIV status disclosure among people living with
                                                                      HIV  in  the  era  of  combination  antiretroviral  therapy  (cART).  J  Clin  Diagn  Res.
              determine if differentiated ART delivery models can support   2015;9(8):14–16. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/12511.6373
              patient retention over the long run. In summary, criteria for    8. Bemelmans M, Baert S, Goemaere E, et al. Community-supported models of care
                                                                      for  people  on  HIV  treatment  in  sub-Saharan  Africa.  Trop  Med  Int  Health.
              differentiation must continue to be re-evaluated. Using the   2014;19(8):968–977. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12332
              criteria of proven ‘stability’ may exclude those who have the    9. Okoboi S, Ding E, Persuad S, et al. Community-based ART distribution system can
                                                                      effectively  facilitate  long-term  program  retention  and  low-rates  of  death  and
              most to gain from streamlining access to  ART, including   virologic failure in rural Uganda. AIDS Red Ther. 2015;12(37)e1–e9. https://doi.
              those who have recently suppressed.                     org/10.1186/s12981-015-0077-4
                                                                    10. Fox M, Sydney R. Retention of adult patients on antiretroviral therapy in low- and
                                                                      middle-income  countries:  Systematic  review  and  meta-analysis  2008–2013.
              In conclusion, our findings suggest that patients who   J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;16(1):98–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.
                                                                      0000000000000553
              struggled to achieve or maintain viral suppression in routine   11. UNAIDS. 2006 report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2006.
              clinic care can have good retention and viral suppression   12. UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics – 2018 fact sheet. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2018.
              outcomes in differentiated  ART delivery models, such as   13. Kaplan  SR,  Oosthuizen  C,  Stinson  K,  et  al.  Contemporary  disengagement  from
              ACs, immediately following suppression support. These   antiretroviral  therapy  in  Khayelitsha,  South  Africa:  A  cohort  study.  PLoS  Med.
                                                                      2017;14(11):e1002407. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002407
              models may remove health system barriers imposed by   14. Decroo T, Rasschaert F, Telfer B, Remartinez D, Laga M, Ford N. Community-based
              clinician-led facility-based models. Further studies are   antiretroviral therapy programs can overcome barriers to retention of patients
                                                                      and  decongest  health  services  in  sub-Saharan  Africa:  A  systematic  review.  Int
              required to evaluate both retention and viral suppression   Health. 2013;5(3):169–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/iht016
              benefits of expanding access to differentiated ART delivery   15. Luque-Fernandez MA, Van Cutsem G, Goemaere E, et al. Effectiveness of patient
                                                                      adherence groups as a model of care for stable patients on antiretroviral therapy
              models to patients who have struggled with adherence.   in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56088. https://doi.
                                                                      org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056088
              Acknowledgements                                      16. Grimsrud  A,  Lesosky  M,  Kalombo  C,  Bekker  L  G,  Myer  L.  Community-based
                                                                      adherence  clubs  for  the  management  of  stable  antiretroviral  therapy  patients
                                                                      in  Cape  Town,  South  Africa:  A  cohort  study.  J  Acquir  Immune  Defic  Syndr.
              The authors thank all the staff at Ubuntu Clinic and    2015;71(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000863
              Khayelitsha and Eastern sub-structure for their ongoing   17. Bango F, Ashmore J, Wilkinson L, Van Cutsem G, Cleary S. Adherence clubs for long-
                                                                      term  provision  of  antiretroviral  therapy:  Cost-effectiveness  and  access  analysis
              dedication to their patients demonstrated through their   from Khayelitsha, South Africa. Trop Med Int Heal. 2016;21(9):1115–1123. https://
                                                                      doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12736
              continued support for piloting models of care that better suit   18. Wilkinson L. ART adherence clubs: A long-term retention strategy for clinically
              the needs of their patients. The authors would also like to   stable patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. South Afr J HIV Med. 2013;14(2):
                                                                      48–50. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v14i2.77
              thank the MSF ROTF and AC nurses and counsellors who   19.  Auld AF, Shiraishi RW, Couto A, et al. A decade of antiretroviral therapy scale-up in
              mentor and support their colleagues at Ubuntu Clinic.   Mozambique: Evaluation of outcome trends and new models of service delivery
                                                                      among more than 300,000 patients enrolled during 2004–2013. J Acquir Immune
                                                                      Defic Syndr. 2016;73(2):e11–e22. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001137
              Competing interests                                   20. Decroo T, Koole O, Remartinez D, et al. Four-year retention and risk factors for
                                                                      attrition among members of community ART groups in Tete, Mozambique. Trop
                                                                      Med Int Health. 2014;19(5):514–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12278
              The authors declare that they have no financial or personal   21. Wringe A, Cawley C, Szumilin E, et al. Retention in care among clinically stable
              relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced   antiretroviral  therapy  patients  following  a  six-monthly  clinical  consultation
                                                                      schedule: findings from a cohort study in rural Malawi. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(11):
              them in writing this article.                           e25207. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25207
                                                                    22. Mody A, Roy M, Sikombe K, et al. Improved retention with six month clinic return
                                                                      intervals for stable HIV-infected patients in Zambia. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;66(2):
              Authors’ contributions                                  237–243. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix756
                                                                    23. Vogt F, Kalenga L, Lukela J, et al. Decentralizing ART supply for stable HIV patients
              J.S. was responsible for the writing of the article, with   to  community-based  distribution  centers:  Program  outcomes  from  an  urban
                                                                      context  in  Kinshasa,  DRC.  J  Acquir  Immune  Defic  Syndr.  2017;74(3):326–331.
              statistical  analysis  completed  by  J.S.  and  A.G.  J.S.  and   https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001215
                                           http://www.sajhivmed.org.za 132  Open Access
   134   135   136   137   138   139   140   141   142   143   144